[1] Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature[J].J Hepatol, 2023, 79(6):1542-1556. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003.
[2] Deczkowska A, David E, Ramadori P, et al. XCR1+ type 1 conventional dendritic cells drive liver pathology in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. Nat Med, 2021, 27(6):1043-1054. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01344-3.
[3] Mathur M, Yeh YT, Arya RK, et al. Adipose lipolysis is important for ethanol to induce fatty liver in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism murine model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding[J]. Hepatology, 2023, 77(5):1688-1701. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32675.
[4] Schwabe RF, Tabas I, Pajvani UB. Mechanisms of fibrosis development in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. Gastroenterology,2020, 158(7):1913-1928. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.311.
[5] Gratacós-Ginès J, Ariño S, Sancho-Bru P, et al. MetALD:clinical aspects, pathophysiology and treatment[J]. JHEP Rep,2025, 7(2):101250. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101250.
[6] Ginès P, Krag A, Abraldes JG, et al. Liver cirrhosis[J]. Lancet,2021, 398(10308): 1359-1376. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01374-X.
[7] Poordad FF. Presentation and complications associated with cirrhosis of the liver[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2015, 31(5):925-937. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1021905.
[8] Esposito M, Buono R, Angeli P, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors and clinical course of liver cirrhosis[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2025, 57(4):869-876. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.11.021.
[9] Jiang Y, Zou J, Fan F, et al. Application of multi-echo Dixon and MRS in quantifying hepatic fat content and staging liver fibrosis[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1):12555. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39361-6.
[10] Azizi N, Naghibi H, Shakiba M, et al. Evaluation of MRI proton density fat fraction in hepatic steatosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(4):1794-1807. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-11001-1.
[11] Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, et al.Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Mol Sci,2012, 13(11):14788-14812. DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114788.
[12] Tavaglione F, Amangurbanova M, Yang AH, et al. Head-to-head comparison between phosphatidylethanol versus indirect alcohol biomarkers for diagnosis of MetALD versus MASLD: a prospective study[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2025, 61(6):1043-1054. DOI: 10.1111/apt.18506.
[13] Hahn JA, Murnane PM, Vittinghoff E, et al. Factors associated with phosphatidylethanol (PEth) sensitivity for detecting unhealthy alcohol use: an individual patient data meta-analysis[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2021, 45(6):1166-1187. DOI: 10.1111/
acer.14611.
[14] Wilson MP, Singh R, Mehta S, et al. Comparing FIB-4, VCTE,pSWE, 2D-SWE, and MRE thresholds and diagnostic accuracies for detecting hepatic fibrosis in patients with MASLD:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2025, 15(13):1598. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15131598.
[15] El-Kassas M, Hassan MK, Al-Naamani K. Unraveling the link: diagnosing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in the context of decompensated cirrhosis[J].Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2025: 1-3. DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2025.2469267.
[16] Trieb M, Horvath A, Birner-Gruenberger R, et al. Liver disease alters high-density lipoprotein composition,metabolism and function[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2016,1861(7):630-638. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.013.
[17] Kaya E, Vilar-Gomez E, Vuppalanchi R, et al. Body mass index and diabetes predict severity of liver fibrosis across the spectrum of steatotic liver disease[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2025,30(1):101907. DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2025.101907.
[18] Pose E, Piano S, Juanola A, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2024, 166(4):588-604.e1. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.306.
[19] Díaz LA, Arab JP, Louvet A, et al. The intersection between alcohol-related liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 20(12):764-783. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00822-y.
[20] Tavaglione F, Díaz LA, Ajmera V, et al. Clinical utility of phosphatidylethanol to detect underreported alcohol use and enhance steatotic liver disease subclassification[J]. J Hepatol,2025, 83(5):1023-1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.05.030.
[21] Zhang T. Why one PEth result cannot redraw the MASLD/ALD boundary:a single-snapshot misclassification[J]. J Hepatol, 2025,83(5):e243-e244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.05.002.
[22] Lee JH, Ahn SH, Park J, et al. Misclassification of alcohol use disorder in MASLD and MetALD:prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes[J]. Gut Liver, 2025, 19(5):735-745. DOI: 10.5009/gnl250072.
[23] Liu J, Xiao S, Hu S, et al. Dissecting metabolic dysfunction-and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) using proteomic and metabolomic profiles[J]. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(5):1035-1045. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.05.026.
[24] Zhang L, Deng Y, Bai X, et al. Cell therapy for end-stage liver disease: current state and clinical challenge[J]. Chin Med J(Engl),2024,137(23):2808-2820. DOI:10.1097/CM9.0000000000003332.
[25] Ibrahim MA, Ramadan N, Mohamed IB, et al. Clinical outcomes in MetALD compared with ALD in patients referred for liver transplant evaluation[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2026,10(2):e0892. DOI: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000892.
[26] Ochoa-Allemant P, Serper M, Wang RX, et al. Waitlisting and liver transplantation for MetALD in the United States: an analysis of the UNOS national registry[J]. Hepatology, 2025,81(2):532-545. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000914.
[27] Mehtani R, Saigal S. Long term complications of immunosuppression post liver transplant[J]. J Clin Exp Hepatol,2023, 13(6):1103-1115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.06.007.
[28] Andresen-Streichert H, Beres Y, Weinmann W, et al. Improved detection of alcohol consumption using the novel marker phosphatidylethanol in the transplant setting: results of a prospective study[J]. Transpl Int, 2017, 30(6): 611-620. DOI:10.1111/tri.12949.
[29] Barrio P, Gual A, Lligoña A, et al. Phosphatidylethanol for monitoring alcohol use in liver transplant candidates: an observational study[J]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(9):3060. DOI:10.3390/jcm9093060.
[30] Ahmed T, Misumida N, Grigorian A, et al. Transcatheter interventions for valvular heart diseases in liver cirrhosis patients[J]. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2023, 33(4):242-249.DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.014.