[1] Xu X, Ding H, You H, et al. Chinese guidelines for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and management of cirrhosis (2025)[J]. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2026, 14(1):96-115. DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2025.00517.
[2] 中华医学会肝病学分会 . 肝硬化临床诊治管理指南(2025版)[J]. 中华 肝 脏 病 杂 志 , 2025, 33(10):958-976. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20250728-00298.
[3] Hu K, Sedki M, Kwong A, et al. Portal hypertensive gastropa‐thy and meld-na score predict recurrent gastrointestinal bleed‐ing after tipss:an alta group study[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2025, 61(2):346-353. DOI: 10.1111/apt.18362.
[4] 徐京杭, 于岩岩, 徐小元 . 重视肝硬化“易被忽视”并发症的诊治 [J]. 中华 肝 脏 病 杂 志 , 2024, 32(6):481-483. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240409-00184.
[5] Dhiman RK, Behera A, Chawla YK, et al. Portal hypertensive biliopathy[J]. Gut, 2007, 56(7):1001-1008. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.103606.
[6] Tarnawski AS, Sarfeh IJ, Stachura J, et al. Microvascular ab‐normalities of the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa[J]. Hepa‐tology, 1988, 8(6):1488-1494. DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840080604.
[7] Sarfeh IJ, Tarnawski A. Gastric mucosal vasculopathy in por‐tal hypertension[J]. Gastroenterology, 1987, 93(5):1129-1131.DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90579-8.
[8] McCormack TT, Sims J, Eyre-Brook I, et al. Gastric lesions in portal hypertension: inflammatory gastritis or congestive gas‐tropathy?[J]. Gut, 1985, 26(11):1226-1232. DOI: 10.1136/gut.26.11.1226.
[9] Thiruvengadam R, Gostout CJ. Congestive gastroenteropa‐thy--an extension of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleed‐ing in portal hypertension[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 1989, 35(6):504-507. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(89)72898-4.
[10] Hosking SW, Smart HL, Johnson AG, et al. Anorectal varices,haemorrhoids, and portal hypertension[J]. Lancet, 1989,1(8634):349-352. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91724-8.
[11] Kozarek RA, Botoman VA, Bredfeldt JE, et al. Portal colopa‐thy: prospective study of colonoscopy in patients with portalhypertension[J]. Gastroenterology, 1991, 101(5):1192-1197.DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90067-u.
[12] Bhavsar R, Yadav A, Nundy S. Portal cavernoma cholangiopa‐thy: update and recommendations on diagnosis and manage‐ment[J]. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2022, 26(4):298-307. DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.22-029.
[13] Pinto E, Elkrief L, Hernandez-Gea V, et al. Portal cavernoma cholangiopathy:a systematic review of current understanding,clinical significance, and management[J]. Hepatol Commun,2025, 9(11):e0833. DOI: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000833.
[14] Tan S. Molecular mechanism of portal hypertensive gastropa‐thy:an update[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2024, 48(8):102423. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102423.
[15] Luo J, Xie K, Ou X, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress un‐der hypoxia promotes gastric mucosal injury in portal hyper‐tensive gastropathy[J]. Biomed Rep, 2026, 24(2):29. DOI:10.3892/br.2026.2102.
[16] Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Xie K, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction by faddosome promotes gastric mucosal injury in portal hyperten‐sive gastropathy[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2024, 20(7):2658-2685.DOI:1 0.7150/ijbs.90835.
[17] Rastogi A, Bihari C, Thapar SL, et al. Histological changes in portal cavernoma cholangiopathy[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2023,13(3):436. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030436.
[18] Wu R, Liu K, Shi C, et al. Risk factors for portal hypertensive gastropathy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2022, 22(1):436. DOI:10.1186/s12876-022-02468-7.
[19] Tanoue K, Hashizume M, Wada H, et al. Effects of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy on portal hypertensive gastropathy: a prospective study[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 1992, 38(5):582-585. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(92)70522-7.
[20] Spina GP, Arcidiacono R, Bosch J, et al. Gastric endoscopic features in portal hypertension: final report of a consensus conference, milan, italy, september 19, 1992[J]. J Hepatol,1994, 21(3):461-467. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80329-0.
[21] Sarin SK. Diagnostic issues: portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric varices[M].//DeFranchis R. Portal hypertensionII.Proceedings of the second Baveno international consensus workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strate‐gies. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996:30-55.
[22] Stewart CA, Sanyal AJ. Grading portal gastropathy:validation of a gastropathy scoring system[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003,98(8):1758-1765. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07595.x.
[23] Najem M, Dong E. Esophageal varices, white-nipple sign, and portal hypertensive gastropathy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2024,390(19):e47. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2307201.
[24] De Palma GD, Rega M, Masone S, et al. Mucosal abnormalities of the small bowel in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension:a capsule endoscopy study[J]. Gastrointest Endosc,2005, 62(4):529-534. DOI:10.1016/s0016-5107(05)01588-9.
[25] Kodama M, Uto H, Numata M, et al. Endoscopic characteriza‐tion of the small bowel in patients with portal hypertension evaluated by double balloon endoscopy[J]. J Gastroenterol,2008, 43(8):589-596. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2198-1.
[26] Abdelaal UM, Morita E, Nouda S, et al. Evaluation of portal hypertensive enteropathy by scoring with capsule endoscopy:is transient elastography of clinical impact?[J]. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2010, 47(1):37-44. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-14.
[27] Guo JH, Paredes AH. Portal hypertensive colopathy: diagnos‐tic challenges and management in cirrhosis[J]. Curr Gastroen‐terol Rep, 2025, 27(1):63. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-025-01012-3.
[28] Morrow MK, Gonzalez RS. Gastric histopathologic findings are similar in portal hypertension patients with and without endoscopic portal hypertensive gastropathy[J]. Am J Clin Pathol, 2022, 158(5):632-638. DOI:10.1093/ajcp/aqac098.
[29] Liu Z, Ke B, Tan S, et al. Role of non-invasive serological and ct imaging parameters in assessing portal hypertensive gastropathy severity[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2025, 25(1):840.DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-04433-6.
[30] Cicero G, Arico FM, Viola A, et al. Portal hypertensive enteropa‐thy: multimodality assessment through computed tomography and magnetic resonance enterography[J]. Radiol Case Rep, 2022,17(12):4804-4808. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.09.046.
[31] Jeon SR, Kim JO, Kim JB, et al. Portal hypertensive enteropathy diagnosed by capsule endoscopy in cirrhotic patients: a nationwide multicenter study[J]. Dig Dis Sci,2014, 59(5):1036-1041. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3036-3.
[32] Brzdek M, Dobrowolska K, Janczura J, et al. Advances in portal hypertension management: evolution of the baveno guidelines[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2025, 31(35):110241.DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i35.110241.
[33] Rajabnia M, Hatami B, Ketabi Moghadam P, et al. Compari‐son of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascu‐lar ectasia: an update[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench,2022, 15(3):204-218. DOI: 10.22037/ghfbb.v15i3.2561.
[34] Alafifi M, Shata M, Heiba K, et al. Rapidly progressive coex‐istence of gastric antral vascular ectasia (gave) and portal hy‐pertensive gastropathy (phg) presenting with iron deficiency anaemia:Successful use of purastat in a patient with implant‐able cardioverter-defibrillator (icd)[J]. Cureus, 2025, 17(11):e96729. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.96729.
[35] Alhouri A, Alhajjar S, Khalid MU, et al. Watermelon duodenum(duodenal bulb vascular ectasia) in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma: a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding[J]. Cu‐reus, 2026, 18(1):e101211. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.101211.
[36] Zhou Y, Qiao L, Wu J, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of octreotide, vasopressin, and omeprazole in the control of acute bleeding in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy: a controlled study[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2002, 17(9):973-979. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02775.x.
[37] Bruha R, Marecek Z, Spicak J, et al. Double-blind random‐ized, comparative multicenter study of the effect of terlipressin in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal and/or hypertensive gastropathy bleeding[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2002, 49(46):1161-1166.
[38] Li B, Chen J, Zhang CQ, et al. The pharmacodynamic effect of terlipressin versus high-dose octreotide in reducing hepatic venous pressure gradient:a randomized controlled trial[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(9):793. DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6774.
[39] de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno vii-renewing consensus in portal hypertension[J]. J Hepatol,2022, 76(4):959-974. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022.
[40] Hosking SW, Kennedy HJ, Seddon I, et al. The role of propranolol in congestive gastropathy of portal hypertension [J]. Hepatology, 1987, 7(3):437-441. DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840070304.
[41] Perez-Ayuso RM, Pique JM, Bosch J, et al. Propranolol in pre‐vention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis[J]. Lancet, 1991, 337(8755):1431-1434.DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93125-s.
[42] Fortea JI, Alvarado-Tapias E, Simbrunner B, et al. Carvedilol vs. propranolol for the prevention of decompensation and mortality in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis[J]. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(1):70-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.12.017.
[43] El Shahawy MS, Shady ZM, Gaafar A. The efficacy of argon plasma coagulation versus carvedilol for treatment of portal hypertensive gastropathy[J]. Digestion, 2020, 101(6):651-658.DOI: 10.1159/000502814.
[44] Ciorba IM, Craciun Ciorba N, Bataga SM. Argon plasma coagulation as rescue endoscopic hemostasis for acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a retrospective cohort comparison with band ligation[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2026, 62(3):547. DOI:10.3390/medicina62030547.
[45] Kamal A, Abd Elmoety AA, Hamza Y, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation followed by argon plasma coagulation against endoscopic variceal ligation alone: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2017, 51(1):49-55. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000535.
[46] 张汝玲, 陈聪颖, 黄丽, 等 . 门静脉高压性胆管病 1 例[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2025, 33(11):1104-1106. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20241105-00567.
[47] European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on vascular diseases of the liver[J]. J Hepatol,2026, 84(2):399-456. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.08.001.
[48] Buyruk AM, Erdogan C, Tekin F, et al. The use of fully cov‐ered self-expandable metal stents in the endoscopic treatment of portal cavernoma cholangiopathy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2023, 23(1):414. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-03042-5.