2020年度
翟婧彤,吕丹,马飞
国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院肿瘤内科
乳腺癌的诊疗水平逐年提高,5年生存率已高达90%[1],远超其他癌种。乳腺癌的全身治疗已初步形成包括化疗、靶向治疗、内分泌治疗和免疫治疗在内的成熟体系。近年来“精准治疗”逐渐受到重视,要进一步改善乳腺癌患者的预后和提高患者生活质量,需要制定更加个体化的治疗策略。本文将总结乳腺癌化疗、靶向治疗、内分泌治疗和免疫治疗在过去一年的重大进展,并对乳腺癌未来治疗的研究方向进行展望,以便更好地指导乳腺癌个体化精准治疗。
1.化疗
化疗作为乳腺癌治疗中重要的组成部分,是改善患者生存和预后的主要手段之一,但化疗容易发生耐药,不良反应较重,这是目前亟待解决的问题。
GeparOcto的Ⅲ期临床研究入组TNBC或HER2阳性或高危的激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性、HER2阴性的患者,分别接受剂量密集
2.靶向治疗
随着对乳腺癌发病机制研究的不断深入和精准医学的不断发展,乳腺癌分子靶向治疗不断取得新的进展。靶向治疗能够高效、有选择性地杀伤肿瘤细胞,且不良反应比化疗更低。
2.1 HER2阳性乳腺癌靶向治疗
2.1.1 新辅助治疗 对于早期乳腺癌,如何在争取治愈的前提下采用低毒的治疗方案提高生活质量是一个值得探索的方向。BCIRG-006研究结果证实,辅助治疗
TRAIN-2研究是第一项评估无蒽环类药物化疗联合曲妥珠单抗、
2.1.2 术后辅助治疗 化疗联合HER2靶向治疗后继续HER2靶向治疗是HER2阳性早期乳腺癌的标准治疗,曲妥珠单抗-美坦新偶联物(T-DM1)是新辅助治疗后残存浸润性病灶患者的标准辅助治疗方案,然而对于高危人群,肿瘤复发及全身化疗相关毒性带来的困扰尚未解决。KAITLIN研究旨在探索通过T-DM1替代紫杉类药物和曲妥珠单抗是否能够提高辅助治疗的疗效并降低毒性[12],研究纳入术后HER2阳性早期乳腺癌患者,将其分为T-DM1组(蒽环类药物序贯T-DM1+帕妥珠单抗)和曲妥珠单抗组(蒽环类药物序贯紫杉类药物+曲妥珠单抗+帕妥珠单抗),目前该研究尚未达到主要终点IDFS,初步发现淋巴结阳性的患者接受蒽环类药物辅助化疗后,使用T-DM1替代紫杉醇+曲妥珠单抗未能显著改善疗效,在安全性方面,T-DM1组比曲妥珠单抗组有更多的不良事件导致的停药。
2.1.3 晚期解救治疗 对于HER2阳性晚期乳腺癌患者,最基本的治疗原则是系统治疗联合抗HER2治疗,对于抗HER2治疗失败的患者,持续抑制HER2通路可以给患者带来生存获益。
PRECIOUS研究是帕妥珠单抗作为三线或四线再治疗用于既往接受过帕妥珠单抗(P)、曲妥珠单抗(T)和化疗(C)的HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的Ⅲ期临床研究,2020年圣安东尼奥乳腺癌研讨会(San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium,SABCS)公布了其研究结果,PTC组的中位PFS时间明显优于TC组(5.3个月∶4.2个月)[14],使帕妥珠单抗跨线治疗成为可能。
HER2阳性乳腺癌患者易发生脑转移,但目前对于此类患者的治疗选择较少。tucatinib是一种具有高度选择性的口服酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,对HER2具有较高的靶向选择性。2020年ASCO会议更新了HER2CLIMB研究的数据,在曲妥珠单抗和卡培他滨的基础上增加tucatinib用于经曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、T-DM1治疗后存在脑转移的HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者,可使颅内缓解率提升至47.3%,中枢神经系统PFS时间延长5.7个月(9.9个月∶4.2个月),颅内进展或死亡风险降低2/3[15,16]。该研究提示tucatinib联合曲妥珠单抗和卡培他滨可能成为经曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、T-DM1治疗后伴或不伴脑转移的HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者新的治疗方案。
trastuzumab deruxtecan(DS-8201)是由靶向HER2的人源化单克隆抗体、可切割的四肽连接物和有效的拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂组成的新型抗体药物偶联物(antibody drug conjugate,ADC)。2019年SABCS会上报道的DESTINY-Breast01研究结果显示,经过多线治疗和T-DM1治疗的HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者接受DS-8201治疗,ORR可达60.9%,中位PFS时间达16.4个月[17],其亚组分析结果显示,各亚组ORR和中位PFS时间与既往总体结果相似[18]。2020年SABCS会议更新了其最新数据,随着中位随访时间增加至20.5个月,ORR进一步提高至61.4%,中位PFS时间为19.4个月,疾病控制率达97.3%,再次证实了DS-8201的疗效[19]。
2.2 TNBC靶向治疗
多
在BRCA野生型TNBC患者中,有近1/2人群表现出同源重组缺陷,导致BRCA样表型可能使其对PARP抑制剂敏感。目前还没有研究评价PARP抑制剂联合铂类治疗BRCA野生型TNBC的疗效。2020年ASCO会议报道的SWOGS1416研究针对
sacituzumab govitecan(SG)是新型、首创的ADC药物,由靶向TROP-2抗原的人源化IgG1抗体与化疗药物
3.内分泌治疗
乳腺癌患者中约80%为HR阳性[24],内分泌治疗已成为激素敏感型乳腺癌患者的主要且有效的治疗方式,在HR阳性、HER2阴性的早期乳腺癌患者中,接受新辅助化疗较难达到pCR,因此,越来越多的临床研究开始探索新辅助内分泌治疗在此类患者中的疗效。在晚期乳腺癌患者中,内分泌治疗耐药依然是临床研究关注的焦点,其与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6,CDK4/6)、磷脂酰
3.1 早期乳腺癌
3.1.1 新辅助内分泌治疗 对于HR阳性乳腺癌,新辅助内分泌治疗可以有效评估内分泌治疗的敏感性,但是达到pCR的情况相对少见[26]。术前内分泌治疗预后指数(preoperative endocrine therapy prognosis index,PEPI)包括新辅助内分泌治疗后的肿块大小、淋巴结状态、Ki67水平和
ALTERNATE研究发现,在绝经后ER阳性、HER2阴性的临床Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者中,使用
3.1.2 辅助内分泌治疗 约20%的HR阳性、HER2阴性早期乳腺癌患者接受标准治疗后,在前10年内会出现复发和远处转移[29],具有临床或病理高危因素的患者复发风险更高,尤其是辅助内分泌治疗中的前几年[30],临床中亟需新的辅助内分泌治疗方案来预防早期复发和远处转移。
monarchE研究发现,在HR阳性、HER2阴性的高危早期乳腺癌患者中,与单用内分泌治疗相比,abemaciclib联合内分泌治疗显著改善了IDFS。2020年SABCS会议报道了monarchE研究结果,2年IDFS率绝对获益为3.0%(92.3%∶89.3%),与对照组相比,abemaciclib组患者的无远距离复发生存率更优,分别为93.8%和90.8%,复发风险降低31.3%[31]。PALLAS研究初步分析发现,在HR阳性、HER2阴性早期乳腺癌患者中,与单纯内分泌治疗相比,在辅助内分泌治疗中加入
3.2 晚期乳腺癌
3.2.1 联合CDK4/6抑制剂 哌柏西利联合来曲唑已成为HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者的一线标准治疗[34],对于初始内分泌治疗后进展或耐药的患者,哌柏西利联合氟维司群是标准治疗[35]。PARSIFAL研究旨在探索内分泌治疗敏感的ER阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者中,联合哌柏西利的最佳内分泌药物。2020年ASCO会议报道了其研究结果,氟维司群+哌柏西利与来曲唑+哌柏西利相比,PFS未达到统计学优效性,两组间OS亦无显著差异[36],因此,最终的治疗决策须平衡患者和临床医生的选择以及后续的治疗策略。FLIPPER研究证实氟维司群+哌柏西利相较于氟维司群+安慰剂,可使内分泌治疗敏感的HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者有更好的疗效获益,可显著提高患者1年PFS率(83.5%∶71.9%),同时改善患者中位PFS时间(31.8个月∶22.0个月)和ORR(68.3%∶42.2%)[37]。
在MONALEESA-3和MONALEESA-7研究中,对于HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者,ribociclib+内分泌治疗较安慰剂+内分泌治疗显示出显著的OS获益[38,39]。内脏转移通常提示患者预后不良,生存率低,但在2020年ASCO会议报道的两项研究中,接受ribociclib+内分泌治疗的内脏转移亚组患者OS和PFS获益与总体人群一致[40]。MONARCH 2研究发现,在内分泌治疗耐药的HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者中,与安慰剂+氟维司群相比,abemaciclib+氟维司群可显著改善患者PFS和OS[41],2020年ASCO会议报道,接受abemaciclib+氟维司群治疗的内脏转移亚组患者中,PFS和OS获益与MONARCH 2研究的ITT人群一致[42]。
nextMONARCH研究探索了abemaciclib单药或与
3.2.2 联合PI3Kα抑制剂 PIK3CA是乳腺癌中最常见的突变基因之一,约40%的HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者存在PIK3CA突变[44],其引起的PI3K通路高活化可促进内分泌耐药,与预后不良相关[45]。
alpelisib是α选择性PI3K抑制剂,在SOLAR-1研究中,对芳香化酶抑制剂(aromatase inhibitor,AI)治疗中或治疗后进展的HR阳性、HER2阴性、PIK3CA突变的晚期乳腺癌患者,alpelisib联合氟维司群展现了临床有效性,显著改善患者PFS[46]。2020年ESMO会议报道了本研究的最终结果,alpelisib+氟维司群与安慰剂+氟维司群相比,中位OS时间延长了7.9个月,但并未无统计学意义,亚组分析结果提示,在肝和/或肺转移以及循环肿瘤DNA中存在PIK3CA突变的患者中,alpelisib联合氟维司群可改善患者OS,OS数据显示出alpelisib联合氟维司群的治疗优势,进一步支持了前期该方案显著延长患者PFS的结果[47]。
BYLieve研究是第一个评估alpelisib联合内分泌治疗用于CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗进展的ER阳性、HER2阴性、PIK3CA突变患者疗效的前瞻性试验,2020年ASCO会议报道了队列A(既往接受CDK4/6抑制剂+AI治疗的患者,接受alpelisib+氟维司群治疗)的结果,其6个月PFS率为50.4%,中位PFS时间为7.3个月[48],2020年SABCS会议报道了队列B(既往接受CDK4/6抑制剂+氟维司群治疗的患者,接受alpelisib+来曲唑治疗)的结果,其6个月PFS率为46.1%,中位PFS时间为5.7个月[49]。BYLieve研究的随访仍在进行,alpelisib有望成为PIK3CA突变患者在CDK4/6抑制剂耐药或复发转移后的优选方案。
3.2.3 联合AKT抑制剂 为原发或继发CDK4/6抑制剂耐药患者寻找治疗策略是至关重要且未被满足的需求,从患者活检和临床前分析得出的结论表明,AKT1激活可导致CDK4/6抑制剂耐药。
TAKTIC研究评估了AKT1抑制剂ipatasertib+内分泌治疗±CDK4/6抑制剂哌柏西利治疗HR阳性、HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者的抗肿瘤活性、安全性和耐受性,三种药物组合分别为A组(ipatasertib+AI)、B组(ipatasertib+氟维司群)、C组(ipatasertib+氟维司群+哌柏西利)。2020年ASCO会议报道了C组的中期分析,结果表明对既往CDK4/6抑制剂治疗失败的患者,AKT抑制剂+CDK4/6抑制剂+内分泌治疗在一部分患者中获得较好的临床疗效,且耐受性良好[50]。AKT抑制剂可能成为CDK4/6抑制剂耐药后的选择,TAKTIC研究的后续研究结果尚待观察。
4.免疫治疗
乳腺癌被认为是弱或中等免疫原性的肿瘤[51],而TNBC作为临床上比较难治的一种亚型,具有免疫治疗的潜在靶点。目前乳腺癌免疫治疗主要集中在TNBC,其中研究最多的是靶向程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)和程序性死亡蛋白配体1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)的抗体,随着各种PD-1/PD-L1抗体的获批,对乳腺癌免疫治疗的研究也取得了较大进展。
4.1 新辅助治疗
Ⅰ~Ⅲ期TNBC在新诊断的早期乳腺癌中占10%~20%[52],IMpassion130研究显示,
4.2 一线治疗
IMpassion130研究是第一个证实免疫治疗在晚期TNBC一线治疗有效的Ⅲ期临床研究,研究发现,对初治不可手术的局部晚期或转移性TNBC患者,PD-L1阳性人群存在PFS和OS获益[53],2020年ESMO会议报道了最终的OS分析,在PD-L1阳性人群中,阿替利珠单抗+白蛋白结合型紫杉醇组患者的中位OS时间长达25.4个月,较安慰剂+白蛋白结合型紫杉醇组患者中位OS时间延长7.5个月[55],进一步支持了阿替利珠单抗+白蛋白结合型紫杉醇作为PD-L1阳性转移性TNBC患者一线治疗的有效性。IMpassion131研究评估了阿替利珠单抗联合紫杉醇一线治疗不可切除局部晚期或转移性TNBC的疗效,但IMpassion131研究没有达到首要研究终点,与安慰剂+紫杉醇相比,阿替利珠单抗+紫杉醇并未显著延长PD-L1阳性转移性TNBC患者的PFS和OS[56],与获益的IMpassion130研究相比,IMpassion131研究失败的潜在原因需要进一步探索。
KEYNOTE-355研究探索了
4.3 多线治疗
KEYNOTE-119研究发现帕博利珠单抗对比化疗用于经治的转移性TNBC,并未显著改善患者OS。2020年ASCO会议报道了该研究中接受帕博利珠单抗治疗患者肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutation burden,TMB)和临床结局的相关性。在转移性TNBC患者中,TMB与帕博利珠单抗治疗临床获益呈正相关,而与化疗无关。ORR和OS结果显示,与化疗相比,帕博利珠单抗治疗TMB≥10 mut/Mb的患者有获益趋势[59]。
ENHANCE 1研究评估了艾立布林联合帕博利珠单抗治疗转移性TNBC的Ⅰb/Ⅱ期研究,根据既往系统抗肿瘤治疗线数进行分层,艾立布林+帕博利珠单抗在接受过0~2线系统抗肿瘤治疗的患者中具有抗肿瘤活性,整体ORR为23.4%,中位PFS时间为4.1个月,中位OS时间为16.1个月,初治患者中,与PD-L1阴性患者相比,PD-L1阳性患者的疗效更好[60]。研究结果表明,艾立布林联合帕博利珠单抗有望成为转移性TNBC患者的一种潜在治疗选择。
5.挑战与展望
中国乳腺癌患者5年生存率高达83.2%,在过去10年间提高了7.3%[1],近年来个体化治疗策略对乳腺癌患者越发重要,针对不同患者,选择不同的治疗药物和治疗方式,为患者带来最大的获益和最佳的预后,需要医药和临床工作者的共同努力。
在化疗方面,蒽环类、紫杉类药物问世20余年,研究人员仍致力于探索新作用机制的化疗药物,以期在有效延长OS时间的同时减少药物毒性,提高生活质量,如艾立布林、优替德隆等。而传统的标准化疗药也在探索新的治疗方式,节拍化疗便是新的治疗理念在临床实践应用中的真实体现,卡培他滨、长春瑞滨、环磷酰胺等口服化疗制剂节拍化疗的疗效和安全性均已得到验证。
此外,越来越多的药物从用于晚期解救治疗,到早期辅助治疗,再到新辅助治疗,随着各类临床试验和新的治疗理念不断涌现,其治疗模式也从单一的新辅助化疗,转变为当前基于不同分子亚型的新辅助化疗、新辅助抗HER2靶向治疗联合化疗、新辅助内分泌治疗等。其优势在于可评估病理缓解程度,进行危险度分层,在辅助治疗中实现个体化治疗[61,62]。新辅助治疗是值得探索和研究的方向,同时也需要更多的研究去寻找评价治疗疗效的指标和最佳的药物组合。
在靶向治疗方面,ADC是抗肿瘤治疗的新兴药物,具有独特的作用机制,是极具潜力的治疗方式,T-DM1已经在乳腺癌治疗中显示出良好疗效,新开发的ADC药物DS-8201和SG都展现出这种抗体偶联新模式的可行性和有效性。
在内分泌治疗中,耐药问题仍是治疗的困境和亟待解决的主要难点之一,CDK4/6抑制剂是内分泌治疗的最佳搭档,然而为原发或继发CDK4/6抑制剂耐药患者寻找新的治疗策略是至关重要的且未被满足的需求,PI3Kα抑制剂及AKT抑制剂或许可成为此类患者的选择。免疫治疗药物阿替利珠单抗和帕博利珠单抗的阳性结果为TNBC患者的治疗带来了曙光,但优势人群的选择标准尚未成熟,缺乏能够精准预测疗效及预后的免疫生物标志物,最佳的药物配伍方案仍待探索。
乳腺癌治疗药物在不断开发,越来越多的临床试验在陆续开展,期待有更多的阳性结果为乳腺癌患者带来获益,以精准医学为基础,指导后续治疗,为乳腺癌患者带来疗效及生活质量的双重改善!
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