郑刚教授:从纤维帽增厚到斑块消退——降脂治疗诱导冠状动脉斑块有利变化的演变进程(上)
2025-09-13 来源:医脉通

在过去二十年间,一系列的冠状动脉影像学研究一致表明,降脂治疗(LLT)可使斑块表型发生有利变化。本文对相关研究进行回顾,旨在探讨斑块表型变化的时间进程。斑块对LLT的反应似乎始于纤维帽增厚,随后是脂质成分减少,最终是斑块体积回缩。纤维帽增厚不仅是斑块对LLT最早且最敏感的反应,而且其与脂质成分的减少相结合,还可提供冠状动脉疾病保护作用。系列研究显示,LLT可使斑块体积发生微小但显著的回缩,多提示斑块稳定而非管腔扩张。整合现有文献获得的见解将有助于为临床实践中更好进行脂质管理提供参考,并指导未来研究的设计。


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脂蛋白代谢异常是最重要的可修饰心血管危险因素之一[1], 他汀类药物[2-4] 、胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布[5-6]和前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素/kexin9型(PCSK9)抑制剂[7-8] 对冠状动脉疾病(CAD)的预防作用已经变得明显。冠状动脉影像学研究已经提供了关于LLT患者临床预后改善机制的见解[9]。

 

20世纪90年代,血管造影研究显示LLT可改善管腔狭窄程度[10]。2000年代,血管内超声(IVUS)研究显示 LLT可减轻动脉斑块负荷。2010年代,近红外光谱(NIRS)或光学相干层扫描(OCT)研究相继开展,提示LLT 可改善斑块易感性。近年来,研究还通过IVUS、NIRS和OCT评估了PCSK9抑制剂对斑块特征的影响。

 

然而,在上述IVUS、NIRS 和 OCT相关研究中,由于冠脉内成像具有有创性,且多数研究仅通过基线与单一随访时间点的对比来评估斑块对降脂治疗的反应,且随访周期从数周到数年不等,因此目前尚未明确斑块对LLT反应的变化顺序。

 

系列血管内成像研究的临床意义得到了成像结果预后价值的支持:IVUS 和NIRS显示的高粥样硬化负荷[11-16] 、高脂质成分[15-18],以及OCT显示的富脂斑块和薄纤维帽纤维粥样硬化斑块(TCFA)[19-24],均与不良预后相关。然而,现有预后研究多基于单次成像评估,在我们对动脉粥样硬化斑块自然史的理解中存在缺失。

 

本文汇总了体内检测到的斑块表型变化的总结,或有助于更好地理解动脉粥样硬化旋转斑块形成的发病机制和稳定过程,也有助于设计未来研究,以探讨斑块稳定的干预措施。

 

LLT 期间通过冠状动脉内成像评估斑块表型变化

 

目前临床常用的血管内成像有三种:IVUS、NIRS 和 OCT。这三种技术的成像原理相似:将成像导管推进到靶斑块远端,探针自动收回,同时通过检测超声波或近红外光的反射依次收集横截面信息,从而实现斑块体积和形态学评估。本节主要关注临床相关参数,包括动脉粥样硬化体积百分比(PAV)、4 mm节段的最大脂质核心负荷指数(max-LCBI 4 mm)和最小纤维帽厚度(FCT)。

 

下文将按降脂治疗(不同强度他汀类药物或其他降脂药物)启动后这些参数的变化顺序,对系列血管内成像研究进行综述。由于各研究在患者基线特征、观察病灶、降脂方案上存在差异,且成像评估间隔因研究设计不同而有所区别,直接对比各研究结果存在局限性。然而,对随访周期相近的研究进行综合分析,将有助于了解不同斑块成分对降脂治疗反应的速度与敏感性,进而深化对其临床意义的理解。

 

1.基线至6个月

 

几项持续数周至数月的随访研究表明,FCT 增加是第一个可检测到的结构性因素,随后是脂质成分的减少。

 

ESCORT 研究将急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者随机分为早期他汀组(从基线开始中等强度他汀治疗)和晚期他汀组(从基线后3周开始中等强度他汀治疗), 并在第3周和第 6周时进行 OCT随访[25]。随访3周显示,早期他汀组的FCT厚度较基线增加,而晚期他汀组(尚未起始他汀治疗)的FCT厚度较基线减少。OCT上的脂质表现以低信号区域和弥漫边界为特征。脂质弧是在OCT横截面图像上测量的脂质区域与相邻高信号区域边界之间的夹角。在早期他汀类药物组中,斑块最大脂质弧在基线和3周时无显著差异,而在36周时显著降低,表明他汀类药物治疗引起的FCT变化先于脂质弧变化[25]。

 

一项回顾性研究显示,对于接受他汀治疗的患者,无论是否联合PCSK9抑制剂,在4周随访时FCT均增厚,且联合PCSK9抑制剂治疗组患者的FCT 增厚程度更显著[26]。

 

YELLOW研究随访7周显示,对于需要接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者,高强度他汀类药物治疗可显著降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平和maxLCBI4mm 但斑块负荷无显著变化[27]。YELLOW II 单臂研究[28]显示,FCT显著增厚,导致TCFA患病率下降。然而,尽管LDL-C水平降低,但PAV、maxLCBI4mm和OCT衍生的脂质体积指数无显著变化。这两项研究分别表明,与斑块负荷相比,maxLCBI₄mm能更早、更敏感地反映LLT疗效;而FCT变化又早于PAV和maxLCBI₄mm对降脂治疗的反应。然而,YELLOW和YELLOW II研究的结果存在矛盾:在YELLOW 研究中可观察到瑞舒伐他汀(40 mg)可改善 maxLCBI4mm,而在YELLOW II 研究中并未观察到这一现象。究其原因,可能是YELLOW 研究中随机分配至强化他汀治疗组患者的基线 maxLCBI₄mmₘₘ显著更高(中位数高于 YELLOW II 研究的均值);且YELLOW II 研究排除了 maxLCBI₄mm<150 的病灶,导致两项研究的 maxLCBI₄mmₘₘ分布存在差异。总的来说,LLT 起始后斑块组分的首个变化是FCT 增厚,这种变化可以在几周到几个月内被 OCT 检测到。

 

部分研究随访 6 个月。ESTABLISH研究表明,他汀类药物治疗可显著降低ACS患者的斑块体积[29],但研究并未分析PAV的变化。另两项研究[30-31]显示,在 6 个月时,所有进行他汀类药物治疗患者的FCT均显著变厚;但PAV与基线相比没有显著变化。其中一项研究随访6个月显示,阿托伐他汀(60 mg)组的平均脂质弧线显著变小,而20 mg组并未变小[30]。


总体而言,上述研究表明,FCT增厚是LLT 最早和最敏感的变化,其次是脂质成分的变化。

 

2.6-9个随访

 

在6-9个月内,LLT对PAV消退的益处仍不明显,但对FCT和脂质成分的有利影响显而易见。

 

TRUTH研究显示,在8个月时,匹伐他汀(4 mg)组和普伐他汀(20 mg)组的PAV均无变化;但虚拟组织学(VH)-IVUS 检测显示,匹伐他汀组的坏死核心成分减少,两组的纤维脂肪成分均减少[32]。

 

Odyssey J-IVUS 研究随访36周显示,阿利西尤单抗组的LDL-C水平在随访期间显著降低;但标准化总粥样硬化体积百分比变化和PAV绝对变化在两组间无显著差异[33]。然而,本研究存在一定的局限性:①该研究设计要求标准治疗组在单纯他汀治疗效果不佳时加用其他药物,导致研究期间依折麦布的联合使用率从7.9% 升至 48.0%;②研究样本量较小。尽管目前仍需进行专门设计的研究验证上述结果,但这些发现提示,PAV 消退至少需要9个月时间,或者对LDL-C水平降低的敏感性有限。

 

尽管如此,无论采取哪种LLT策略,随访9个月的系列OCT影像学研究均一致揭示了LLT对FCT增加的影响。Hattori 等[34]和Takarada 等[35]的研究随访9个月,分别在稳定性心绞痛(SAP)和急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者中证实了,进行他汀类药物治疗患者的FCT变化显著大于未接受他汀类药物治疗患者。Hattori等的研究还通过系列灰阶IVUS和整合背向散射(IB)-IVUS 分析发现,他汀治疗组的粥样硬化体积百分比指数以及脂质和纤维体积指数均减小,而未接受他汀治疗组的这些参数无变化[34]。

 

Imanishi 等[36]报道显示,他汀类药物治疗组患者在9个月随访期间的 FCT 增厚更为显著,且FCT 的变化与部分单核细胞亚群呈负相关。

 

在他汀单药治疗研究的基础上,后续研究随访9个月发现,他汀联合依折麦布[37]或二十碳五烯酸[38]治疗,不仅可使FCT增厚更为显著,还能改善脂质弧和巨噬细胞浸润程度。

 

一项使用PCSK9 抑制剂的OCT 研究随访36周显示,与标准治疗组相比,阿利西尤单抗联合他汀组FCT增厚更显著,TCFA 发生率显著更低[39]。

上下滑动查看全部研究结果

 

总体而言,在6-9个月期间,脂质成分降低和FCT 增厚均可被检测到,但太可能观察到PAV回缩。

 

3.9 ~12个月随访

 

许多研究探究了他汀类药物、依折麦布或PCSK9 抑制剂在9 ~12个月期间的作用。再次期间,LLT对PAV消退的益处似乎变得更为明显,但不同研究间的结果并不一致,但FCT增厚和脂质成分减少的益处显而易见。

 

(1)他汀类药物相关研究

 

JAPAN-ACS研究随访 8~12 个月显示,在进行匹他伐他汀(4 mg)或阿托伐他汀(20 mg)治疗的ACS患者组,均可观察到PAV的显著消退 [40]。

 

Hong 等[41] 报道随访11 个月显示,进行瑞舒伐他汀(20 mg)和阿托伐他汀(40 mg)治疗患者的PAV 变化没有显著差异。

 

ALTAIR 研究[42]随访48 周显示,服用20 mg瑞舒伐他汀的患者总斑块体积显著降低,而服用2.5 mg 的患者没有显著降低,而两组患者血管镜下的黄斑块的颜色等级均显著降低。

 

STABLE研究[43]以VH-IVUS评估的斑块成分变化为主要终点,随访12个月显示,瑞舒伐他汀治疗可减少坏死核心体积、增加纤维脂肪体积。然而,虽然在12个月时,瑞舒伐他汀40mg 组患者的LDL-C水平显著低于10mg组,但随访期间两组的PAV 变化及VH-IVUS 测得的成分体积参数变化均无差异。上述结果提示,IVUS测得的动脉粥样硬化负荷对LLT疗效的敏感性有限。

 

IBIS-3研究随访12个月显示,高强度瑞舒伐他汀治疗未能显著降低坏死性核心体积和maxLCBI4mm,但PAV有所改善[44],且maxLCBI4mm最高四分位数组(maxLCBI4mm> 319)患者的maxLCBI4mm显著降低。鉴于PROSPECT II 研究提示maxLCBI4mm阈值> 324.7 或与不良结果相关[16],故该亚组中的maxLCBI4mm 下降或具有临床相关性。

 

EASY-FIT 研究[45]随访12个月显示,高剂量阿托伐他汀(20 mg)较低剂量阿托伐他丁(5 mg)或具有更大的FCT增厚,且高剂量他汀组的脂质弧和巨噬细胞分级进一步下降。此外,FCT 增厚与LDL-C水平、高敏C反应蛋白(his-CRP)和基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP-9)的降低相关。这些发现表明,他汀类药物治疗>9个月,可使FCT 和脂质成分发生有利变化,同时减轻炎症反应,并降低动脉粥样硬化斑块负荷。

 

(2)依折麦布相关研究

 

几项研究报道了依折麦布对FCT 或PAV的影响。

 

一项随访12个月的随机研究表明,他汀联合或不联合依折麦布治疗均可使FCT显著增厚,但两组患者的FCT增厚程度无显著差异[46]。

 

PRECISE-IVUS研究[47]随访9~12个月显示,他汀联合或不联合依折麦布治疗均可使PAV显著下降,且他汀联合依折麦布组的PAV下降幅度更大。

 

HEAVEN研究[48]显示,进行阿托伐他汀和依折麦布联合治疗组的SAP患者的PAV略有下降,但标准他汀类治疗组的PAV 增加。随访期间的斑块成分变化在两组之间没有显著差异。

 

(3)PCSK9 抑制剂相关研究

 

三项相关研究探究了PCSK9抑制剂对maxLCBI4mm和PAV变化的影响。

 

Ota等[49]中位随访314天显示,PCSK9抑制剂组和对照组(非PCSK9 抑制剂强化治疗)的maxLCBI4mm均显著低于基线水平;且PCSK9 抑制剂组的回缩程度更为显著。此外,PCSK9抑制剂组的PAV较基线显著降低,但对照组无显著变化;提示maxLCBI4mm可反映LDL-C变化,且其敏感性高于PAV。

 

HUYGENS[50] 和PACMAN-AMI试验[51]表明,将PCSK9抑制剂添加到高强度他汀类治疗中,可导致FCT增厚程度,脂质弧和巨噬细胞侵润程度的降低也更为明显。值得一提的是,这两项研究的基线FCT差异很大:PACMAN-AMI 试验的平均基线最薄FCT>100μm, 而>70%的HUYGENS试验患者的基线FCT最薄< 65μm。

 

研究提示,无论基线斑块特征如何,PCSK9 抑制剂均可实现斑块稳定;且PCSK9 抑制剂组的maxLCBI₄mm降低幅度和 PAV 消退程度均显著大于安慰剂组[50-51]。但这两项研究均分析了狭窄程度< 50% 的非罪犯血管长节段,其 FCT 和 maxLCBI₄mm反映的是长节段内最严重的病变情况,而非基于病灶水平的评估。

 

值得注意的是,病灶水平显示的PAV 回缩或较片段水平更为明显(<5% vs 2%)。PACMAN-AMI[52]是一项基于病灶水平评估的亚组分析,其显示阿利西尤单抗组的PAV回缩率为- 4.86%, 安慰剂组为- 2.78%。此外,研究还显示,阿利西尤单抗组病变水平的FCT增厚、maxLCBI4mm 减少和 PAV 回缩更大。随访52周显示,TCFA 在所有队列中几乎完全消失。在阿利西尤单抗治疗组,61.8% 的基线maxLCBI4mm≥400 的病变在随访时达到400以下,41.1%的基线横断面斑块负荷≥70% 的病变在随访时< 70。

上下滑动查看全部研究结果

 

4.>12个月随访

 

在随访时间>12个月的研究中,PAV 消退现象更为明显,但消退幅度通常较小。

 

IBIS-4试验随访13个月显示,进行瑞舒伐他汀(40 mg)治疗的STEMI患者的PAV显著降低[53]。对该队列的OCT分析显示,FCT增厚可使TCFA 频繁回缩,并且巨噬细胞侵润角度也降低[54]。

 

GLAGOV试验随访1.5年[55]显示,在高强度他汀治疗基础上加用依洛尤单抗可使PAV 显著降低,但即使加用依洛尤单抗,斑块回缩也很小(PAV =- 0.95%)。

 

REVERSAL研究[56]随访18个月显示,阿托伐他汀(80 mg)组的斑块体积变化显著优于普拉伐他汀(40 mg)组:总粥样硬化动脉斑块体积变化百分比分别为- 0.4%和2.7%,PAV 的绝对变化率分别为0.2%和1.6%。

 

ASTEROID单臂研究[57]随访24个月显示,进行瑞舒伐他汀(40 mg)治疗可显著降低PAV水平。SATURN试验随访104周[58]显示,阿托伐他汀(80 mg)和瑞舒伐他汀(40 mg)均可降低有临床冠状动脉造影指征患者的PAV 水平[58]。因此,ASTEROID和 SATURN试验在2年后都显示出对高强度他汀治疗的反应,PAV 略有(约 1%)但显著的绝对降低。这些IVUS研究是在血管水平进行的,且不考虑潜在的动脉粥样硬化负担。因此,在>12个月的随访研究中,一致报告了LLT对动脉粥样硬化退化的影响。

 

此外,冠状动脉CT显影(CCTA)的侵袭性小于血管内成像方式,可能更容易用于系列评估,但CCTA 的低分辨率限制了评估斑块详细形态变化的可行性。一项荟萃分析汇总了随访时间为6~38.4个月的小规模研究,显示他汀类药物治疗可减少低衰减斑块体积,同时增加钙化斑块体积,而强化他汀类药物治疗则降低了总斑块体积[59]。PARADIGM试验平均随访3.8年显示,他汀类药物治疗可延缓总斑块体积增加,同时增加钙化斑块体积,并减少高危斑块特征[60]。另一项评估随访6.2 年的前瞻性研究表明,他汀类药物的使用与非钙化斑块体积的减少和钙化斑块体积的增加相关;他汀类药物的使用与总斑块体积之间没有相关性[61]。



 

专家简介

 

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郑刚 教授

•现任泰达国际心血管病医院特聘专家

•中国高血压联盟理事,中国心力衰竭学会委员,中国老年医学会高血压分会天津工作组副组长、中国医疗保健国际交流促进会高血压分会委员。天津医学会心血管病专业委员会委员,天津医学会老年病专业委员会常委。天津市医师协会高血压专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会老年病专业委员会委员,天津市医师协会心力衰竭专业委员,天津市医师协会心血管内科医师分会双心专业委员会委员。天津市心脏学会理事、天津市心律学会第一届委员会委员,天津市房颤中心联盟常委。天津市医药学专家协会第一届心血管专业委员会委员,天津市药理学会临床心血管药理专业委员会常委。天津市中西医结合学会心血管疾病专业委员会常委

•《中华老年心脑血管病杂志》编委,《中华临床 医师杂志》(电子版)特邀审稿专家,《中华诊断学电子杂志》审稿专家,《华夏医学》杂志副主编,《中国心血管杂志》常务编委,《中国心血管病研究》杂志第四届编委,《世界临床药物》杂志编委、《医学综述》杂志会编委、《中国医药导报》杂志编委、《中国现代医生》杂志编委、《心血管外科杂志(电子版)》审稿专家

•本人在专业期刊和心血管网发表文章948篇其中第一作者759篇,参加著书11部

•获天津市2005年度“五一劳动奖章和奖状” 和 “天津市卫生行业第二届人民满意的好医生”称号

参考文献
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