除了治疗腹泻,益生菌可能还有这些效用
2025-06-01

益生菌在儿童消化系统疾病中的应用


1、在幽门螺杆菌根除过程中的作用:多项研究显示,乳酸杆菌、布拉氏酵母菌、罗伊利莫西乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌和丁酸梭菌作为抗幽门螺杆菌感染三或四联疗法的辅助手段,可提高幽门螺杆菌根除率降低治疗过程中的不良反应,提高依从性,并具有很好的安全性[1-6]


2、预防抗生素相关性腹泻:益生菌如布拉氏酵母1-745、三菌株混合物(嗜酸乳杆菌CL1285、干酪乳杆菌Lbc80r、鼠李糖乳杆菌CLR2)和干酪乳杆菌DN114001等有强有力的证据可以预防抗生素相关性腹泻[7-8]


3、婴儿肠绞痛:益生菌可成为降低婴儿肠绞痛发病率和患病率的潜在预防性解决方案[9]。一项1886例患者的Meta分析,益生菌使用组的平均日哭泣时间缩短了95.5min,差异显著[10]


4、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC):多项研究发现口服乳杆菌和双歧杆菌益生菌可显著降低新生儿NEC风险,能够降低早产儿NEC的发病率以及减轻疾病的严重程度,并且没有安全问题[11-13]


5、婴儿胃食管反流:一项566例婴儿Meta分析显示,与安慰剂组相比,益生菌组的反流发作次数每日下降1.79次[14]。益生菌对预防和治疗婴儿反流具有安全、有效的作用。


6、肠易激综合征:一项Meta分析发现,益生菌显著降低了儿童肠易激综合征腹痛评分和受试者整体缓解评估,增加了腹痛治疗成功率和腹痛缓解率,并降低腹痛的频率[15]


7、乳糖不耐受:嗜热链球菌、德氏乳杆菌亚种和保加利亚乳杆菌可以改善乳糖消化,减轻乳糖不耐受相关症状[16]


8、在肝胆疾病的应用研究(1)新生儿黄疸:一项2040例新生儿Meta分析发现,益生菌的使用显著缩短了光疗持续时间,血清总胆红素在96h后显著降低,且没有产生相关的不良反应[17](2)儿童非酒精性脂肪肝(on-alcoholic 脂肪肝疾病,NAFLD):有研究发现,益生菌在儿童NAFLD管理中的使用可发挥有益作用[18]


益生菌在儿童呼吸系统疾病的应用


1、呼吸道感染:Garaiova等[19]在一项双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验中给予3~6岁每日口服1.25×10 10CFU益生菌(包括嗜酸乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌菌株)联合维生素C60mg治疗6个月,益生菌组上呼吸道感染发病率和呼吸道症状持续天数均明显减少。


2、呼吸道过敏性疾病①变应性鼻炎:多项系统评价和荟萃分析表明,益生菌对改善过敏性鼻炎患者的症状和生活质量具有有益作用,益生菌有望作为变应性鼻炎的辅助治疗方案[20]哮喘:有研究表明,副干酪乳杆菌(LP)可显著降低哮喘严重程度。受试者服用LP可降低血清总IgE水平,改善呼气峰流速水平[21]


3、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP):一项包含72例12岁以下儿童随机、双盲临床试验,干预组服用每日接受2次含8×108CFU路氏乳酸杆菌DSM 17938治疗,持续7d或从PICU出院,结果显示益生菌组VAP发生率显著降低[22]


结语


目前对于益生菌在消化系统、呼吸系统疾病中的应用还存在一些不确定性,如很多研究的样本量不够大,益生菌的最佳剂量、疗程、最佳菌株等,仍需要更多有效的临床证据和科学数据的支撑。

参考文献
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